By Dr. James Smith
General Surgeon

A colonoscopy is an essential screening tool that can identify cancers early when the chances of successful treatment are highest. It can also detect and remove polyps before they become cancerous. The American Cancer Society and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend beginning regular screenings at age 45. If you're at higher-than-average risk, such as having a family history of colorectal cancer or other conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, you may need to start earlier and screen more frequently. Always consult your primary care provider to determine the best timing based on your risks and medical history.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in both men and women. While most cases occur in individuals 50 and older, it can affect adults of any age. Importantly, the early stages of colorectal cancer often show no symptoms, making regular screenings critical for early detection. Early detection not only improves treatment outcomes but can also prevent cancer altogether by identifying and removing polyps before they develop into a more serious condition.

Some common symptoms of colorectal cancer to watch for include:

1. Rectal bleeding
2. Blood in the stool or in the toilet after a bowel movement
3. Dark or black stools
4. Changes in bowel habits or stool shape (e.g., narrower stools)
5. Cramping, pain, or discomfort in the lower abdomen
6. An urge to have a bowel movement even when the bowel is empty
7. Constipation or diarrhea lasting more than a few days
8. Decreased appetite
9. Unintentional weight loss
   

These symptoms may also indicate other health conditions, so discussing them with your doctor is essential to identify the cause and address it appropriately.

For those under 45 with a higher risk, scheduling a colonoscopy offers peace of mind, early detection, and better treatment potential if cancer is found. Thanks to increased screening, including colonoscopies, the incidence and death rates of colorectal cancers have been on the decline.

The procedure itself is more straightforward than many people imagine. During a colonoscopy, you’ll likely receive medication and sedation to minimize discomfort. The screening usually takes about 30 minutes, and any polyps discovered can be removed during the process, with tissue samples sent for a biopsy if needed.

In addition to scheduling your colonoscopy, adopting healthy habits like regular exercise, a balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol, and avoiding smoking can also help reduce your risk.

Take charge of your health by talking to your provider about your risks and the best time to begin screening. A colonoscopy is a small step with the potential to make a significant difference in your health journey.